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Maria Guyomar de Pina or Thao Thong Kip Ma ((タイ語:ท้าวทองกีบม้า); 1664 – 1728), also known as ''Maria Guiomar de Pina'', ''Dona Maria del Pifia'' or as ''Marie Guimar'' and ''Madame Constance'' in French, was a Siamese woman of mixed Japanese-Portuguese-Bengali ancestry〔Smithies 2002, p.100〕 who lived in Ayutthaya in the 17th century. She became the wife of Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon.〔(Keat Gin Ooi, ''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor'', page 1070. )〕 Maria Guyomar is known in Thailand for having introduced new dessert recipes in Siamese cuisine at the Ayutthaya court. Some of her dishes were influenced by Portuguese cuisine, especially egg yolk-based sweets such as ''foi thong'' ("golden threads")〔(Joe Cummings, ''Thailand: World Food'', Page 87. )〕 and ''sangkhaya''. ==Biography== Maria was born in Ayutthaya during the reign of King Narai. Her mother was a Japanese, named Ursula Yamada, whose family had emigrated to Thailand following the repression of Christianity in Japan. Her father Fanik Guyomar (also Phanik Guimar), from the Portuguese colony of Goa, was a Christian of mixed Japanese and Bengali descent.〔 Maria Guyomar was educated as a Catholic. In 1682, Maria married Constantine Phaulkon after he abandoned Anglicanism for Catholicism.〔Smithies, p.183〕 They lived a life of affluence as Phaulkon rose to become highly influential at the royal court of king Narai. During the period of rapprochement between France and the Siamese court Maria Guyomar de Pinha, together with her husband Phaulkon, was promised French protection by being ennobled a countess of France. During the 1688 Siamese revolution, after the assassination of her husband, Maria took refuge with the French troops in Bangkok, but the Commander of the French fort General Desfarges returned her to the Siamese under pressure from the new ruler, usurper Phetracha, on October 18.〔Smithies 2002, p.11/p.184〕 Despite the promises that had been made regarding her safety, she was condemned to perpetual slavery in the kitchens of Phetracha.〔Smithies 2002, p.51〕 Maria remained prisoner until the death of Phetracha in 1703, but became the head of the royal kitchen staff.〔(William D. Wray, ''The 17th-Century Japanese Diaspora: Questions of Boundary and Policy'', History Department University of British Columbia, page 26. )〕 One of her sons, George, became a minor official at the Siamese court. Her second son, Constantin, is known to have been put in charge by king Borommakot (1733–1758) of building a German organ for the royal palace.〔Smithies 2002, p.180〕 According to French missionary sources he was called ''Racha Mantri'' and was at the same time a supervisor of the Christians in Ayutthaya and the official in charge of the royal storehouses.〔Dhivarat na Prombeja, in Reid, p.258〕 In her later life, Maria, together with her daughter-in-law Louisa Passagna (widow of Constantin), continued to sue the French East India Company to recoup money which her husband Phaulkon had lent to the company. She was vindicated in 1717 through a decree from the Council of State in France, which provided her with a maintenance allowance.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maria Guyomar de Pinha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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